Thus, although Catholicism may present motivational challenges to its adherents, these challenges do not necessarily under-mine intrinsic motivation and well-being. Furthermore, the different groups were es-sentially equal in subjective well-being. ![]() However, Study 2 Catholics were higher than the Unitarian sample in identified motivation, and the three groups were equal in intrinsic motivation (in which behavior is also fully internalized). Similarly, Study 2 found that a Catholic community sample was higher in introjected motivation than a Unitarian sample, and higher in external moti-vation (in which behavior is not at all internalized) than both the Unitarian and a Bap-tist sample. Catholics were also lower in identified motivation, in which behavior is fully internalized. ![]() Study 1 found that 1409 Catholic undergraduates were higher in introjected motivation than 1261 Protestant under-graduates. Are Catholics more motivated by guilt than Protestants? I tested this hypothesis via self-determination theory's concept of introjected motivation, in which behavior is only partially internalized (Deci & Ryan, 1991).
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